Internet Fraud and Identity Theft Essay - 1176 Words

Internet Fraud and Identity Theft The Internet is not just a medium for information; it is a tool for communication. Creating a new social sphere and environment, the Internet allows virtually anyone to be a participant. Chat rooms, discussion boards, instant messaging services and e-mail are all mediums that allow individuals to engage in communication. However, although the Internet is a public domain, individuals do not have to honestly represent themselves. Many individuals use false names and identities on the Internet. As a result, detecting authenticity, genuineness, and sincerity may prove to be problematic. Thus, by the Internet’s opportunity to perpetuate false representations, the digital illustration of society’s†¦show more content†¦Identity theft is the leading fraud complaint registered with the Federal Trade Commission† (Frick, 2004). Yet to many individuals who take precautious steps on the Internet, those who intend to obtain private information, do so very effortlessly.† Websites exist solely for the purpose of trading in personal information. Information brokers will provide data about an individual’s medical records, bank details, credit rating, criminal record, driving license and vehicle registration documents for a small fee. In short, everything that the imposter needs to select a victim and misappropriate his or her identity is readily available on the Internet† (Newman, 1999). In addition, consulting websites are not the only way to retrieve one’s personal data. For new comers to the Internet, individuals may not realize the potential dangers of unknown e-mail messages.†In their haste to explore the exciting features of the Internet, many people respond to spam  ­ unsolicited E-mail  ­ that promises them some benefit but requests identifying data, without realizing that in many cases, the requester has no intention of keeping his promise†(U.S Department of Justice, 2000). Furthermore, there is also the growing numbers of so-called â€Å" phisher websites, which are designed to look exactly like legitimate Web addresses, such as Amazon.com, BestBuy.com and PayPal.com.†(Roberts, 2003). Individuals are tricked by the knock-offShow MoreRelatedThe Globalization of White Collar Crimes: An Inside Look of How Fraud, Embezzlement, Cybercrime, Identity Theft and Forgery Are Increasing World-Wide794 Words   |  4 PagesInside Look of How Fraud, Embezzlement, Cybercrime, Identity Theft and Forgery Are Increasing World-Wide In this paper I will examine some of the aspects of white collar crimes such as: fraud, embezzlement, cybercrimes, identity theft and forgery. I will explain what each of these are pertaining to criminal justice and how they relate to one another. And I will conclude by how each of these topics are growing into global problems. According to Criminal-Law-Lawyer-Source.com â€Å"Fraud is the act of deliberatelyRead MoreIdentity Theft1365 Words   |  6 PagesThe Dangers of Identity Theft Sharae Ernst IFSM 201 – Summer 2012 8/3/2012 â€Å"Identity theft occurs when someone uses your personally identifying information (PII), like your name, Social Security number, or credit card number, without your permission, to commit fraud or other crimes.† (Fighting Back Against Identity Theft: Federal Trade Commission). According to the Federal Trade Commission, identity theft complaints have decreased since year 2008 (314,521 to 250,854). It is estimated by theRead MoreIdentity Theft : Trends And Issues1224 Words   |  5 Pages Identity Theft: Trends and Issues Identity Theft: Trends and Issues Identity theft is the fastest growing fraud crime in America (Finklea, 2009). Gaining knowledge in preventing theft will better the economy and lower the crime rates in America. There are reported 9.9 million victims of identity theft and this number is increasing rapidly as the years go on. It has been reported that an estimate of fifty billion dollars has been charged to our consumersRead MoreCyber Crime: Preventing the Horrific Crimes on the Inernet1649 Words   |  7 PagesPreventing the Horrific Crimes on the Internet Cyber Crime, including fraud, identity theft, stalking, and hacking is a growing problem which can be prevented by taking the proper precautions. I. Background II. Cyber fraud A. Fraud sites 1. Free trials sites 2. Craigslist B. Preventing fraud 1. Personal information 2. Credit cards III. Identity theft A. Identity theft sites 1. Stealing information 2. Craigslist B. Preventing Identity theft 1. Who to give information to Read MoreEssay on Technology, Privacy and Credit Card Fraud706 Words   |  3 PagesTechnology, Privacy and Credit Card Fraud The advancement of technology over the years appeared to be the greatest thing known to mankind.   With the Internet, the world is at ones finger tips and just about anything can be accessed using it.   This is not necessarily a good thing, with crimes like creidt card fraud going around.   The number of credit card fraud incidents is rapidly increasing as the years progress.   Anybody with a credit card could possibly be a victim of this crime and it shouldRead MoreIdentity Theft Is Improving With Time1216 Words   |  5 Pages Identity theft is improving with time! Really. It is. Honestly, if I were to become a victim, better it be today then five, ten or even 100 years ago. The common perception is that identity theft is a computer generation crime, which is increasing by the day. Truth is, identity theft dates back before the Internet, computers, the digital age at all. Mobsters may have brought it to an art form decades ago, and its title was quite literal derived . In that era, identity theft was not a financialRead MoreWhat Is Cyber Crime?1424 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Wikipidia.com cyber crime also known as computer crime that refers to any crime that involves a computer and a network. Cyber crime is defined as crimes committed on the internet using the computer as either a tool or a targeted victim. Besides that cyber crime can be defined as crimes committed on the internet using the computer as either a tool or a targeted victim (Joseph A E, 2006). Computer can be considers as a tool in cyber crime when the individual is the main target of cyber crimeRead MoreIdentifying The Different Ways Online Identity Theft1462 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent ways online identity theft can be achieved by a cybercriminal Identity theft is when your personal details are stolen. Identity theft occurs when someone steals your personal information with the intention to access bank accounts for example, or commit many other crimes in your name and at your expense. Identity theft is a growing threat in the uk which is increasing at a rapid rate. It is said that it could be one of the leading threats in the coming years. Analysis of fraud trends in 2012 revealedRead MoreCyber Crime And The Internet1326 Words   |  6 Pagesanother dimension to crime. The intensity with which the Internet is used in our everyday lives is a huge factor in determining the increasing rates of cyber-crime. In this era of technological advances, people are unaware of the high risk of exposure of their personal information. While each of the networks that make up the Internet is owned by a public or private organization, no single organization or government owns or controls the Internet. According to a study conducted by the UNDOC, at leastRead MoreIdentity Theft and Possible Risk in Technology1713 Words   |  7 PagesIdentity Theft and Possible Risk in Technology Identity theft has been a major issue of privacy and fraud. In the data breach analysis from the Identity Theft Resource Center (2013), the number of data breaches from the year 2005 to 2012 increased. In 2012, there had been 49% where the data breach exposed people Social Security Number. The data breach of 2012 has a rate of 27.4% caused by hackers. These breaches were commonly from 36.4% businesses and 34.7% health and medical (Identity Theft Resource

Does the Death Sentence Kill the Crime or the Criminal

DOES DEATH SENTENCE KILL CRIME OR THE CRIMINAL? Execution deifies the logic of deterrence Hanging them to death is a counterbalance Death will not kill the crime It will just make our norms prime Let us not kill the criminal Because God forbids for such an approval INTRODUCTION Six years ago India voted against United Nations General Assembly resolution calling for a moratorium on the death penalty, thereby reiterating its stand in death penalty, in November 2012, India again upheld its stance on capital punishment by voting against the UN General Assembly draft resolution seeking to ban death penalty. Though Capital Punishment has never had an impact in the rate of crimes committed but still the India and its citizens feel an inherent need for it. Death Sentence doesn’t kill crime it kills criminals, because when crime is planned, the criminal mind ordinarily never concentrates on escaping arrest and conviction. It is not possible to imagine how the threat punishment could ever prevent a crime that is not premeditated. EXISTING LEGAL FRAMEWORK Under the existing legal framework capital punishment could be given for a specific category of offences some of which are waging war against state, mutiny, terrorism, rape etc; but these offences occur irrespective of the punishment as the offender is not worried about the punishment but only about the offence. Thus one could say that if, however, severe punishment can deter crime, then long-term imprisonment is more than enoughShow MoreRelatedEssay on Capital Punishment Must Be Put To Death1712 Words   |  7 PagesCapital punishment, better known as the death penalty, has been around for centuries. Like all elements of modern society, the death penalty has evolved over the course of many years. Initially, the death penalty was administered by a royal court or monarchy through brutal stoning. Since then, the guillotine, noose, electric chair, and [currently] lethal injection have all been tools created to administer the death penalty here in the United States. Before the act of actually ending the criminal’sRead MoreIntroduction Of The Death Penalty Debate1523 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction to the Death Penalty Debate It was said by an Iowa State Supreme Court justice in the 1840s, â€Å"Crime indicates a diseased mind in the same manner that sickness and pain do a diseased body. And as in the one case we provide hospitals for the treatment of severe and contagious diseases, so in the other, prisons and asylums should be provided for similar reasons† (Banner, 2002, p.118). Individuals who have committed crimes serve their sentences and punishments, or are â€Å"treated†, in prisonsRead MoreWhy Capital Punishment Should Be Illegal1282 Words   |  6 Pagesthat the criminals deserve to die for the horrible crime they have committed. But the truth is that capital punishment is expensive, it violates the U.S Constitution, sentencing someone to jail for life is a worse punishment than being sentenced to death, and the death penalty goes against God and several religious beliefs. There are also innocent people on death row and that the death penalty is not a crime deterrent. These are som e reasons why it should be illegal to give criminals the death sentenceRead MoreDeath Penalty vs Life Imprisonment874 Words   |  4 PagesDeath Penalty vs. Life Imprisonment The death penalty is a widely discussed issue in the United States. Should the government still impose the death penalty for certain crimes? Or should the punishment be life imprisonment? This essay will discuss the different viewpoints on the death penalty and life imprisonment. Capital punishment, also called the death penalty, is the pre-meditated and planned taking of a human life by the government in response to a crime committed by the convicted personRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Not A Step Toward The Resolution Of The Criminal Problem1234 Words   |  5 Pagesmany ways. From the way people get arrested to the sentencing process, everything is messed up. Our justice system obviously does not support crime which is why people get arrested when they commit crimes but something that has always troubled me is: how come, it is not okay for a regular civilian to kill someone but it is okay for a judge to decide to put someone under the death penalty, which is basically killing them. As the author of the article: In Favor of Capital Punishment calls it, why is itRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of The Death Penalty844 Words   |  4 Pagespeople argue that the death penalty is justified because it is a fair and equal punishment for the crimes committed and that t he murdered should receive fair and equal punishment in order to have justice. It is often assumed that murders should be punished by death, but isn’t it true that ending or killing anyone is morally wrong? In this counter argument I will argue that nobody has the right to take anybodys life no matter what and if murderers deserve to die, the state does not have the authorityRead MorePersuasive Essay On Capital Punishment1414 Words   |  6 PagesAmerica. Capital punishment is the repercussion of a capital crime; most capital crimes committed in America are murders. The crime of murder can be punishable by the death penalty. A great way to stop future killing from happening is capital punishment but it is only currently allowed in 32 of the 50 states. Murder in America is at such a high rate that there needs to be something done to help stop the climbing rate. In Edward Koch’s essay â€Å"Death and Justice†, he states, â€Å"A study at M.I.T. showed thatRead M oreCapital Punishment Essay666 Words   |  3 Pagesgirls dead on their front porch. Does this man deserve to die? Capital punishment, if applied in this hypothetical situation, would serve its purpose in getting retribution for this crime. Capital punishment is a controversial subject but is an effective punishment for serious crimes such as this. Right now, only one percent of murderers who have committed serious crimes such as this are on death row. â€Å"Every nation with industrial democracies has abolished the death penalty, excluding Japan andRead MoreAmerica s Capital Punishment Process1632 Words   |  7 Pagesimperfect and are always making mistakes, how do we justify being the group of people having the power to condemn someone to death when there have been times that our human judgments were flawed and immoral. This is probably the scariest part of our system and one of the most motiving causes for being against the death penalty. The death penalty alone imposes an irrevocable sentence. Once an inmate is executed, nothing can be done to make amends if a mistake has been made. Witnesses, prosecutors and jurorsRead MorePros And Cons Of Capital Punishment1319 Words   |  6 Pagesthe practice of killing people as punishment for serious crimes. Murder is the unlawful killing of another human being. There is much controversy in the punishment of offenders who have committed murder. It is the maximum sentence a person can receive if the crime of murder is committed. Some would say it is inhumane and not a real punishment because the person cannot serve an experience punishment through death. Other perceive death as being just because of the belief in â€Å"Eye for an eye.†

The Amber Spyglass Chapter 37 The Dunes Free Essays

Next day Will and Lyra went out by themselves again, speaking little, eager to be alone with each other. They looked dazed, as if some happy accident had robbed them of their wits; they moved slowly; their eyes were not focused on what they looked at. They spent all day on the wide hills, and in the heat of the afternoon, they visited their gold-and-silver grove. We will write a custom essay sample on The Amber Spyglass Chapter 37 The Dunes or any similar topic only for you Order Now They talked, they bathed, they ate, they kissed, they lay in a trance of happiness murmuring words whose sound was as confused as their sense, and they felt they were melting with love. In the evening they shared the meal with Mary and Atal, saying little, and because the air was hot they thought they’d walk down to the sea, where there might be a cool breeze. They wandered along the river until they came to the wide beach, bright under the moon, where the low tide was turning. They lay down in the soft sand at the foot of the dunes, and then they heard the first bird calling. They both turned their heads at once, because it was a bird that sounded like no creature that belonged to the world they were in. From somewhere above in the dark came a delicate trilling song, and then another answered it from a different direction. Delighted, Will and Lyra jumped up and tried to see the singers, but all they could make out was a pair of dark skimming shapes that flew low and then darted up again, all the time singing and singing in rich, liquid bell tones an endlessly varied song. And then, with a flutter of wings that threw up a little fountain of sand in front of him, the first bird landed a few yards away. Lyra said, â€Å"Pan†¦?† He was formed like a dove, but his color was dark and hard to tell in the moonlight; at any rate, he showed up clearly on the white sand. The other bird still circled overhead, still singing, and then she flew down to join him: another dove, but pearl white, and with a crest of dark red feathers. And Will knew what it was to see his daemon. As she flew down to the sand, he felt his heart tighten and release in a way he never forgot. Sixty years and more would go by, and as an old man he would still feel some sensations as bright and fresh as ever: Lyra’s fingers putting the fruit between his lips under the gold-and-silver trees; her warm mouth pressing against his; his daemon being torn from his unsuspecting breast as they entered the world of the dead; and the sweet rightfulness of her coming back to him at the edge of the moonlit dunes. Lyra made to move toward them, but Pantalaimon spoke. â€Å"Lyra,† he said, â€Å"Serafina Pekkala came to us last night. She told us all kinds of things. She’s gone back to guide the gyptians here. Farder Coram’s coming, and Lord Faa, and they’ll be here†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Pan,† she said, distressed, â€Å"oh, Pan, you’re not happy – what is it? What is it?† Then he changed, and flowed over the sand to her as a snow-white ermine. The other daemon changed, too – Will felt it happen, like a little grip at his heart – and became a cat. Before she moved to him, she spoke. She said, â€Å"The witch gave me a name. I had no need of one before. She called me Kirjava. But listen, listen to us now†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Yes, you must listen,† said Pantalaimon. â€Å"This is hard to explain.† Between them, the daemons managed to tell them everything Serafina had told them, beginning with the revelation about the children’s own natures: about how, without intending it, they had become like witches in their power to separate and yet still be one being. â€Å"But that’s not all,† Kirjava said. And Pantalaimon said, â€Å"Oh, Lyra, forgive us, but we have to tell you what we found out†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Lyra was bewildered. When had Pan ever needed forgiving? She looked at Will, and saw his puzzlement as clear as her own. â€Å"Tell us,† he said. â€Å"Don’t be afraid.† â€Å"It’s about Dust,† said the cat daemon, and Will marveled to hear part of his own nature telling him something he didn’t know. â€Å"It was all flowing away, all the Dust there was, down into the abyss that you saw. Something’s stopped it flowing down there, but – â€Å" â€Å"Will, it was that golden light!† Lyra said. â€Å"The light that all flowed into the abyss and vanished†¦ And that was Dust? Was it really?† â€Å"Yes. But there’s more leaking out all the time,† Pantalaimon went on. â€Å"And it mustn’t. It mustn’t all leak away. It’s got to stay in the world and not vanish, because otherwise everything good will fade away and die.† â€Å"But where’s the rest leaving from?† said Lyra. Both daemons looked at Will, and at the knife. â€Å"Every time we made an opening,† said Kirjava – and again Will felt that little thrill: She’s me, and I’m her – â€Å"every time anyone made an opening between the worlds, us or the old Guild men, anyone, the knife cut into the emptiness outside. The same emptiness there is down in the abyss. We never knew. No one knew, because the edge was too fine to see. But it was quite big enough for Dust to leak out of. If they closed it up again at once, there wasn’t time for much to leak out, but there were thousands that they never closed up. So all this time, Dust has been leaking out of the worlds and into nothingness.† The understanding was beginning to dawn on Will and Lyra. They fought it, they pushed it away, but it was just like the gray light that seeps into the sky and extinguishes the stars: it crept past every barrier they could put up and under every blind and around the edges of every curtain they could draw against it. â€Å"Every opening,† Lyra said in a whisper. â€Å"Every single one – they must all be closed?† said Will. â€Å"Every single one,† said Pantalaimon, whispering like Lyra. â€Å"Oh, no,† said Lyra. â€Å"No, it can’t be true – â€Å" â€Å"And so we must leave our world to stay in Lyra’s,† said Kirjava, â€Å"or Pan and Lyra must leave theirs and come to stay in ours. There’s no other choice.† Then the full bleak daylight struck in. And Lyra cried aloud. Pantalaimon’s owl cry the night before had frightened every small creature that heard it, but it was nothing to the passionate wail that Lyra uttered now. The daemons were shocked, and Will, seeing their reaction, understood why: they didn’t know the rest of the truth; they didn’t know what Will and Lyra themselves had learned. Lyra was shaking with anger and grief, striding up and down with clenched fists and turning her tear-streaming face this way and that as if looking for an answer. Will jumped up and seized her shoulders, and felt her tense and trembling. â€Å"Listen,† he said, â€Å"Lyra, listen: what did my father say?† â€Å"Oh,† she cried, tossing her head this way and that, â€Å"he said – you know what he said – you were there, Will, you listened, too!† He thought she would die of her grief there and then. She flung herself into his arms and sobbed, clinging passionately to his shoulders, pressing her nails into his back and her face into his neck, and all he could hear was, â€Å"No – no – no – â€Å" â€Å"Listen,† he said again, â€Å"Lyra, let’s try and remember it exactly. There might be a way through. There might be a loophole.† He disengaged her arms gently and made her sit down. At once Pantalaimon, frightened, flowed up onto her lap, and the cat daemon tentatively came close to Will. They hadn’t touched yet, but now he put out a hand to her, and she moved her cat face against his fingers and then stepped delicately onto his lap. â€Å"He said – † Lyra began, gulping, â€Å"he said that people could spend a little time in other worlds without being affected. They could. And we have, haven’t we? Apart from what we had to do to go into the world of the dead, we’re still healthy, aren’t we?† â€Å"They can spend a little time, but not a long time,† Will said. â€Å"My father had been away from his world, my world, for ten years. And he was nearly dying when I found him. Ten years, that’s all.† â€Å"But what about Lord Boreal? Sir Charles? He was healthy enough, wasn’t he?† â€Å"Yes, but remember, he could go back to his own world whenever he liked and get healthy again. That’s where you saw him first, after all, in your world. He must have found some secret window that no one else knew about.† â€Å"Well, we could do that!† â€Å"We could, except that†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"All the windows must be closed,† said Pantalaimon. â€Å"All of them.† â€Å"But how do you know?† demanded Lyra. â€Å"An angel told us,† said Kirjava. â€Å"We met an angel. She told us all about that, and other things as well. It’s true, Lyra.† â€Å"She?† said Lyra passionately, suspicious. â€Å"It was a female angel,† said Kirjava. â€Å"I’ve never heard of one of them. Maybe she was lying.† Will was thinking through another possibility. â€Å"Suppose they closed all the other windows,† he said, â€Å"and we just made one when we needed to, and went through as quickly as we could and closed it up immediately – that would be safe, surely? If we didn’t leave much time for Dust to go out?† â€Å"Yes!† â€Å"We’d make it where no one could ever find it,† he went on, â€Å"and only us two would know†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Oh, it would work! I’m sure it would!† she said. â€Å"And we could go from one to the other, and stay healthy – â€Å" But the daemons were distressed, and Kirjava was murmuring, â€Å"No, no.† And Pantalaimon said, â€Å"The Specters†¦ She told us about the Specters, too.† â€Å"The Specters?† said Will. â€Å"We saw them during the battle, for the first time. What about them?† â€Å"Well, we found out where they come from,† said Kirjava. â€Å"And this is the worst thing: they’re like the children of the abyss. Every time we open a window with the knife, it makes a Specter. It’s like a little bit of the abyss that floats out and enters the world. That’s why the Citt? ¤gazze world was so full of them, because of all the windows they left open there.† â€Å"And they grow by feeding on Dust,† said Pantalaimon. â€Å"And on daemons. Because Dust and daemons are sort of similar; grown-up daemons anyway. And the Specters get bigger and stronger as they do†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Will felt a dull horror at his heart, and Kirjava pressed herself against his breast, feeling it, too, and trying to comfort him. â€Å"So every time I’ve used the knife,† he said, â€Å"every single time, I’ve made another Specter come to life?† He remembered Iorek Byrnison, in the cave where he’d forged the knife again, saying, â€Å"What you don’t know is what the knife does on its own. Your intentions may be good. The knife has intentions, too.† Lyra’s eyes were watching him, wide with anguish. â€Å"Oh, we can’t, Will!† she said. â€Å"We can’t do that to people – not let other Specters out, not now we’ve seen what they do!† â€Å"All right,† he said, getting to his feet, holding his daemon close to his breast. â€Å"Then we’ll have to – one of us will have to – I’ll come to your world and†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She knew what he was going to say, and she saw him holding the beautiful, healthy daemon he hadn’t even begun to know; and she thought of his mother, and she knew that he was thinking of her, too. To abandon her and live with Lyra, even for the few years they’d have together – could he do that? He might be living with Lyra, but she knew he wouldn’t be able to live with himself. â€Å"No,† she cried, jumping up beside him, and Kirjava joined Pantalaimon on the sand as boy and girl clung together desperately. â€Å"I’ll do it, Will! We’ll come to your world and live there! It doesn’t matter if we get ill, me and Pan – we’re strong, I bet we last a good long time – and there are probably good doctors in your world – Dr. Malone would know! Oh, let’s do that!† He was shaking his head, and she saw the brilliance of tears on his cheeks. â€Å"D’you think I could bear that, Lyra?† he said. â€Å"D’you think I could live happily watching you get sick and ill and fade away and then die, while I was getting stronger and more grown-up day by day? Ten years†¦ That’s nothing. It’d pass in a flash. We’d be in our twenties. It’s not that far ahead. Think of that, Lyra, you and me grown up, just preparing to do all the things we want to do – and then†¦ it all comes to an end. Do you think I could bear to live on after you died? Oh, Lyra, I’d follow you down to the world of the dead without thinking twice about it, just like you followed Roger; and that would be two lives gone for nothing, my life wasted like yours. No, we should spend our whole lifetimes together, good, long, busy lives, and if we can’t spend them together, we†¦ we’ll have to spend them apart.† Biting her lip, she watched him as he walked up and down in his distracted anguish. He stopped and turned, and went on: â€Å"D’you remember another thing he said, my father? He said we have to build the Republic of Heaven where we are. He said that for us there isn’t any elsewhere. That’s what he meant, I can see now. Oh, it’s too bitter. I thought he just meant Lord Asriel and his new world, but he meant us, he meant you and me. We have to live in our own worlds†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I’m going to ask the alethiometer,† Lyra said. â€Å"That’ll know! I don’t know why I didn’t think of it before.† She sat down, wiping her cheeks with the palm of one hand and reaching for the rucksack with the other. She carried it everywhere; when Will thought of her in later years, it was often with that little bag over her shoulder. She tucked the hair behind her ears in the swift movement he loved and took out the black velvet bundle. â€Å"Can you see?† he said, for although the moon was bright, the symbols around the face were very small. â€Å"I know where they all are,† she said, â€Å"I got it off by heart. Hush now†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She crossed her legs, pulling the skirt over them to make a lap. Will lay on one elbow and watched. The bright moonlight, reflected off the white sand, lit up her face with a radiance that seemed to draw out some other radiance from inside her; her eyes glittered, and her expression was so serious and absorbed that Will could have fallen in love with her again if love didn’t already possess every fiber of his being. Lyra took a deep breath and began to turn the wheels. But after only a few moments, she stopped and turned the instrument around. â€Å"Wrong place,† she said briefly, and tried again. Will, watching, saw her beloved face clearly. And because he knew it so well, and he’d studied her expression in happiness and despair and hope and sorrow, he could tell that something was wrong; for there was no sign of the clear concentration she used to sink into so quickly. Instead, an unhappy bewilderment spread gradually over her: she bit her lower lip, she blinked more and more, and her eyes moved slowly from symbol to symbol, almost at random, instead of darting swiftly and certainly. â€Å"I don’t know,† she said, shaking her head, â€Å"I don’t know what’s happening†¦ I know it so well, but I can’t seem to see what it means†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She took a deep, shuddering breath and turned the instrument around. It looked strange and awkward in her hands. Pantalaimon, mouse-formed, crept into her lap and rested his black paws on the crystal, peering at one symbol after another. Lyra turned one wheel, turned another, turned the whole thing around, and then looked up at Will, stricken. â€Å"Oh, Will,† she cried, â€Å"I can’t do it! It’s left me!† â€Å"Hush,† he said, â€Å"don’t fret. It’s still there inside you, all that knowledge. Just be calm and let yourself find it. Don’t force it. Just sort of float down to touch it†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She gulped and nodded and angrily brushed her wrist across her eyes, and took several deep breaths; but he could see she was too tense, and he put his hands on her shoulders and then felt her trembling and hugged her tight. She pulled back and tried again. Once more she gazed at the symbols, once more she turned the wheels, but those invisible ladders of meaning down which she’d stepped with such ease and confidence weren’t there. She just didn’t know what any of the symbols meant. She turned away and clung to Will and said desperately: â€Å"It’s no good – I can tell – it’s gone forever – it just came when I needed it, for all the things I had to do, for rescuing Roger, and then for us two, and now that it’s over, now that everything’s finished, it’s just left me†¦ It’s gone, Will! I’ve lost it! It’ll never come back!† She sobbed with desperate abandon. All he could do was hold her. He didn’t know how to comfort her, because it was plain that she was right. Then both the daemons bristled and looked up. Will and Lyra sensed it, too, and followed their eyes to the sky. A light was moving toward them: a light with wings. â€Å"It’s the angel we saw,† said Pantalaimon, guessing. He guessed correctly. As the boy and the girl and the two daemons watched her approach, Xaphania spread her wings wider and glided down to the sand. Will, for all the time he’d spent in the company of Balthamos, wasn’t prepared for the strangeness of this encounter. He and Lyra held each other’s hands tightly as the angel came toward them, with the light of another world shining on her. She was unclothed, but that meant nothing. What clothes could an angel wear anyway? Lyra thought. It was impossible to tell if she was old or young, but her expression was austere and compassionate, and both Will and Lyra felt as if she knew them to their hearts. â€Å"Will,† she said, â€Å"I have come to ask your help.† â€Å"My help? How can I help you?† â€Å"I want you to show me how to close the openings that the knife makes.† Will swallowed. â€Å"I’ll show you,† he said, â€Å"and in return, can you help us?† â€Å"Not in the way you want. I can see what you’ve been talking about. Your sorrow has left traces in the air. This is no comfort, but believe me, every single being who knows of your dilemma wishes things could be otherwise; but there are fates that even the most powerful have to submit to. There is nothing I can do to help you change the way things are.† â€Å"Why – † Lyra began, and found her voice weak and trembling – â€Å"why can’t I read the alethiometer anymore? Why can’t I even do that? That was the one thing I could do really well, and it’s just not there anymore – it just vanished as if it had never come†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"You read it by grace,† said Xaphania, looking at her, â€Å"and you can regain it by work.† â€Å"How long will that take?† â€Å"A lifetime.† â€Å"That long†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"But your reading will be even better then, after a lifetime of thought and effort, because it will come from conscious understanding. Grace attained like that is deeper and fuller than grace that comes freely, and furthermore, once you’ve gained it, it will never leave you.† â€Å"You mean a full lifetime, don’t you?† Lyra whispered. â€Å"A whole long life? Not†¦ not just†¦ a few years†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Yes, I do,† said the angel. â€Å"And must all the windows be closed?† said Will. â€Å"Every single one?† â€Å"Understand this,† said Xaphania: â€Å"Dust is not a constant. There’s not a fixed quantity that has always been the same. Conscious beings make Dust – they renew it all the time, by thinking and feeling and reflecting, by gaining wisdom and passing it on. â€Å"And if you help everyone else in your worlds to do that, by helping them to learn and understand about themselves and each other and the way everything works, and by showing them how to be kind instead of cruel, and patient instead of hasty, and cheerful instead of surly, and above all how to keep their minds open and free and curious†¦ Then they will renew enough to replace what is lost through one window. So there could be one left open.† Will trembled with excitement, and his mind leapt to a single point: to a new window in the air between his world and Lyra’s. And it would be their secret, and they could go through whenever they chose, and live for a while in each other’s worlds, not living fully in either, so their daemons would keep their health; and they could grow up together and maybe, much later on, they might have children, who would be secret citizens of two worlds; and they could bring all the learning of one world into the other, they could do all kinds of good – But Lyra was shaking her head. â€Å"No,† she said in a quiet wail, â€Å"we can’t, Will – â€Å" And he suddenly knew her thought, and in the same anguished tone, he said, â€Å"No, the dead – â€Å" â€Å"We must leave it open for them! We must!† â€Å"Yes, otherwise†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"And we must make enough Dust for them, Will, and keep the window open – â€Å" She was trembling. She felt very young as he held her to his side. â€Å"And if we do,† he said shakily, â€Å"if we live our lives properly and think about them as we do, then there’ll be something to tell the harpies about as well. We’ve got to tell people that, Lyra.† â€Å"The true stories, yes,† she said, â€Å"the true stories the harpies want to hear in exchange. Yes. So if people live their whole lives and they’ve got nothing to tell about it when they’ve finished, then they’ll never leave the world of the dead. We’ve got to tell them that, Will.† â€Å"Alone, though†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Yes,† she said, â€Å"alone.† And at the word alone, Will felt a great wave of rage and despair moving outward from a place deep within him, as if his mind were an ocean that some profound convulsion had disturbed. All his life he’d been alone, and now he must be alone again, and this infinitely precious blessing that had come to him must be taken away almost at once. He felt the wave build higher and steeper to darken the sky, he felt the crest tremble and begin to spill, he felt the great mass crashing down with the whole weight of the ocean behind it against the iron-bound coast of what had to be. And he found himself gasping and shaking and crying aloud with more anger and pain than he had ever felt in his life, and he found Lyra just as helpless in his arms. But as the wave expended its force and the waters withdrew, the bleak rocks remained; there was no arguing with fate; neither his despair nor Lyra’s had moved them a single inch. How long his rage lasted, he had no idea. But eventually it had to subside, and the ocean was a little calmer after the convulsion. The waters were still agitated, and perhaps they would never be truly calm again, but the great force had gone. They turned to the angel and saw she had understood, and that she felt as sorrowful as they did. But she could see farther than they could, and there was a calm hope in her expression, too. Will swallowed hard and said, â€Å"All right. I’ll show you how to close a window. But I’ll have to open one first, and make another Specter. I never knew about them, or else I’d have been more careful.† â€Å"We shall take care of the Specters,† said Xaphania. Will took the knife and faced the sea. To his surprise, his hands were quite steady. He cut a window into his own world, and they found themselves looking at a great factory or chemical plant, where complicated pipe work ran between buildings and storage tanks, where lights glowed at every corner, where wisps of steam rose into the air. â€Å"It’s strange to think that angels don’t know the way to do this,† Will said. â€Å"The knife was a human invention.† â€Å"And you’re going to close them all except one,† Will said. â€Å"All except the one from the world of the dead.† â€Å"Yes, that is a promise. But it is conditional, and you know the condition.† â€Å"Yes, we do. Are there many windows to close?† â€Å"Thousands. There is the terrible abyss made by the bomb, and there is the great opening Lord Asriel made out of his own world. They must both be closed, and they will. But there are many smaller openings, too, some deep under the earth, some high in the air, which came about in other ways.† â€Å"Baruch and Balthamos told me that they used openings like that to travel between the worlds. Will angels no longer be able to do that? Will you be confined to one world as we are?† â€Å"No; we have other ways of traveling.† â€Å"The way you have,† Lyra said, â€Å"is it possible for us to learn?† â€Å"Yes. You could learn to do it, as Will’s father did. It uses the faculty of what you call imagination. But that does not mean making things up. It is a form of seeing.† â€Å"Not real traveling, then,† said Lyra. â€Å"Just pretend†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"No,† said Xaphania, â€Å"nothing like pretend. Pretending is easy. This way is hard, but much truer.† â€Å"And is it like the alethiometer?† said Will. â€Å"Does it take a whole lifetime to learn?† â€Å"It takes long practice, yes. You have to work. Did you think you could snap your fingers, and have it as a gift? What is worth having is worth working for. But you have a friend who has already taken the first steps, and who could help you.† Will had no idea who that could be, and at that moment he wasn’t in the mood to ask. â€Å"I see,† he said, sighing. â€Å"And will we see you again? Will we ever speak to an angel once we go back to our own worlds?† â€Å"I don’t know,† said Xaphania. â€Å"But you should not spend your time waiting.† â€Å"And I should break the knife,† said Will. â€Å"Yes.† While they had been speaking, the window had been open beside them. The lights were glowing in the factory, the work was going on; machines were turning, chemicals were combining, people were producing goods and earning their livings. That was the world where Will belonged. â€Å"Well, I’ll show you what to do,† he said. So he taught the angel how to feel for the edges of the window, just as Giacomo Paradisi had shown him, sensing them at his fingers’ ends and pinching them together. Little by little the window closed, and the factory disappeared. â€Å"The openings that weren’t made by the subtle knife,† Will said, â€Å"is it really necessary to close them all? Because surely Dust only escapes through the openings the knife made. The other ones must have been there for thousands of years, and still Dust exists.† The angel said, â€Å"We shall close them all, because if you thought that any still remained, you would spend your life searching for one, and that would be a waste of the time you have. You have other work than that to do, much more important and valuable, in your own world. There will be no travel outside it anymore.† â€Å"What work have I got to do, then?† said Will, but went on at once, â€Å"No, on second thought, don’t tell me. I shall decide what I do. If you say my work is fighting, or healing, or exploring, or whatever you might say, I’ll always be thinking about it. And if I do end up doing that, I’ll be resentful because it’ll feel as if I didn’t have a choice, and if I don’t do it, I’ll feel guilty because I should. Whatever I do, I will choose it, no one else.† â€Å"Then you have already taken the first steps toward wisdom,† said Xaphania. â€Å"There’s a light out at sea,† said Lyra. â€Å"That is the ship bringing your friends to take you home. They will be here tomorrow.† The word tomorrow fell like a heavy blow. Lyra had never thought she would be reluctant to see Farder Coram, and John Faa, and Serafina Pekkala. â€Å"I shall go now,† said the angel. â€Å"I have learned what I needed to know.† She embraced each of them in her light, cool arms and kissed their foreheads. Then she bent to kiss the daemons, and they became birds and flew up with her as she spread her wings and rose swiftly into the air. Only a few seconds later she had vanished. A few moments after she had gone, Lyra gave a little gasp. â€Å"What is it?† said Will. â€Å"I never asked her about my father and mother – and I can’t ask the alethiometer, either, now†¦ I wonder if I’ll ever know?† She sat down slowly, and he sat down beside her. â€Å"Oh, Will,† she said, â€Å"what can we do? Whatever can we do? I want to live with you forever. I want to kiss you and lie down with you and wake up with you every day of my life till I die, years and years and years away. I don’t want a memory, just a memory†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"No,† he said, â€Å"memory’s a poor thing to have. It’s your own real hair and mouth and arms and eyes and hands I want. I didn’t know I could ever love anything so much. Oh, Lyra, I wish this night would never end! If only we could stay here like this, and the world could stop turning, and everyone else could fall into a sleep†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Everyone except us! And you and I could live here forever and just love each other.† â€Å"I will love you forever, whatever happens. Till I die and after I die, and when I find my way out of the land of the dead, I’ll drift about forever, all my atoms, till I find you again†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I’ll be looking for you, Will, every moment, every single moment. And when we do find each other again, we’ll cling together so tight that nothing and no one’ll ever tear us apart. Every atom of me and every atom of you†¦ We’ll live in birds and flowers and dragonflies and pine trees and in clouds and in those little specks of light you see floating in sunbeams†¦ And when they use our atoms to make new lives, they won’t just be able to take one, they’ll have to take two, one of you and one of me, we’ll be joined so tight†¦Ã¢â‚¬  They lay side by side, hand in hand, looking at the sky. â€Å"Do you remember,† she whispered, â€Å"when you first came into that cafe in Ci’gazze, and you’d never seen a daemon?† â€Å"I couldn’t understand what he was. But when I saw you, I liked you straightaway because you were brave.† â€Å"No, I liked you first.† â€Å"You didn’t! You fought me!† â€Å"Well,† she said, â€Å"yes. But you attacked me.† â€Å"I did not! You came charging out and attacked me.† â€Å"Yes, but I soon stopped.† â€Å"Yes, but,† he mocked softly. He felt her tremble, and then under his hands the delicate bones of her back began to rise and fall, and he heard her sob quietly. He stroked her warm hair, her tender shoulders, and then he kissed her face again and again, and presently she gave a deep, shuddering sigh and fell still. The daemons flew back down now, and changed again, and came toward them over the soft sand. Lyra sat up to greet them, and Will marveled at the way he could instantly tell which daemon was which, never mind what form they had. Pantalaimon was now an animal whose name he couldn’t quite find: like a large and powerful ferret, red-gold in color, lithe and sinuous and full of grace. Kirjava was a cat again. But she was a cat of no ordinary size, and her fur was lustrous and rich, with a thousand different glints and shades of ink black, shadow gray, the blue of a deep lake under a noon sky, mist-lavender-moonlight-fog†¦ To see the meaning of the word subtlety, you had only to look at her fur. â€Å"A marten,† he said, finding the name for Pantalaimon, â€Å"a pine marten.† â€Å"Pan,† Lyra said as he flowed up onto her lap, â€Å"you’re not going to change a lot anymore, are you?† â€Å"No,† he said. â€Å"It’s funny,† she said, â€Å"you remember when we were younger and I didn’t want you to stop changing at all†¦ Well, I wouldn’t mind so much now. Not if you stay like this.† Will put his hand on hers. A new mood had taken hold of him, and he felt resolute and peaceful. Knowing exactly what he was doing and exactly what it would mean, he moved his hand from Lyra’s wrist and stroked the red-gold fur of her daemon. Lyra gasped. But her surprise was mixed with a pleasure so like the joy that flooded through her when she had put the fruit to his lips that she couldn’t protest, because she was breathless. With a racing heart she responded in the same way: she put her hand on the silky warmth of Will’s daemon, and as her fingers tightened in the fur, she knew that Will was feeling exactly what she was. And she knew, too, that neither daemon would change now, having felt a lover’s hands on them. These were their shapes for life: they would want no other. So, wondering whether any lovers before them had made this blissful discovery, they lay together as the earth turned slowly and the moon and stars blazed above them. How to cite The Amber Spyglass Chapter 37 The Dunes, Essay examples

Technical Skills and Learning Theories Accredited Institution

Question: Discuss about the Technical Skills and Learning Theories for Accredited Institution. Answer: After completing Honey and Mumfords Questionnaire and getting the score, I found that I have theorist learning style. This type of learners tries to understand the theory behind any action. They rely on different models, statistics, concepts and fact to get engaged in the learning process. They try to analyze information by theory and come to a conclusion after synthesizing new information into a systematic and logical theory. This report will design a skills teaching programme for this type of learners to get knowledge about the short surgical procedure. It will give them training about short surgical procedure according to the learning style of learner. It will also demonstrate how the program will be useful for the trainee. The skills teaching programme will be based on Kolb's learning cycle. This model will be helpful as it is designed according to a different style of learning. According to Kolb, learning cycle moves around phases like concrete experience, reflective observation, abstract conceptualization and active experimentation. This means surgical trainee will have to experience surgical procedure, reflect on the experience, deduce ideas regarding change in the surgical practice and then finally implement those changes in next procedure. Different learners will prefer various elements of the cycle. So, Kolb developed Learning Style Inventory (LSI) to maintain reliability and validity of learning according to different learning style. Theorist learner will prefer reflective observation and abstract conceptualization stages (1). Based on pattern of different learning style explained by Kolbs learning cycle, I will teach the theorist learner according to their preferred way of learning. These learners focus on reflective observation and abstract conceptualization. Therefore, my skills teaching programme will use surgical models and surgical evidence to teach them so that they reflect and learn from it. This form of progressive education will help them in attaining a state of equilibrium in surgical skills so that they become proficient in surgical procedures. I will try to give them background information about particular surgical procedure and teach them relevant theories. They will be able to apply these theories during their learning process and in this way they will get actively involved in the process. It will enable them to utilize the information and implement it in their clinical practice (4). The skills teaching programme will teach the learner carpel tunnel release surgery. It is required to treat patients with carpal tunnel syndrome. It is caused by pain in hand due to pressure on the median nerve in the wrist. The skills training programme will first teach learner about carpal tunnel release. A theorist needs to know all the theory and facts behind any surgery. So this knowledge will be essential for them. The median nerves and tendons of finger go through a passage called carpal tunnel in the wrist. As the tunnel is narrow, any swelling affects the nerve and cause pain. The carpal ligament is present at the surface of carpal tunnel. During the surgery, the surgeon requires cutting through the carpal ligament so that more space is created between the nerve and tendons (6). Figure 1: Tranverse carpal release surgery. 11. [Internet]. 2016 [cited 23 July 2016]. Available from: (2016). Aihw.gov.au. Retrieved 22 July 2016, from https://www.aihw.gov.au/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=6442455071 The skill programme will teach the correct ways of surgery. It is performed in the following ways: First, numbing medicine should be given before surgery. A small surgical cut is made in the palm near the wrist, and the ligament over the carpal is cut. It serves the purpose of reducing the pressure on the median nerve. Then the skin and tissue are closed with sutures (7). This process is required when other non-surgical treatment options like anti-inflammatory medicines, therapy, shots of corticosteroids medicine, wrist splints, and behavioral changes fail. After the training of surgeons regarding ways to perform carpal tunnel release surgery, it will be necessary to assess motor skills of a surgeon to validate the surgical competency of the learner. Therefore, the competency of learner regarding the surgical procedure will depend on web-based knowledge test on surgical anatomy, surgical steps, the skill of dictating operating report and knowledge of surgical complication (2). A theorist is expected to excel in this test because they tend to learn things only after proper analysis of theories and information on the topic. So it is evident that they would have gained all relevant knowledge about the procedure before performing their first surgery on a patient. The second step will be an assessment of technical skills. This will depend on their level of practice and how far they were successful in performing the surgery. For structured assessment, each trainee surgeon will perform surgery on a cadaver specimen. The proficiency will depend on the time of completion of surgery. This will help in evaluating trainees ability to learn surgical techniques according to assessment tools. Both knowledge and cadaver test will assist in differentiating between a novice surgeon and an accomplished surgeon (7). Accurate training on surgical skill is necessary for satisfactory accreditation and to satisfy the community regarding the safety of the surgical technique. It is important for surgeons to prove their competency skills by the end of training programs. They should have declarative knowledge of surgery which means knowing about technical skills followed by their safe implementation in real clinical situations. The decision to label a surgeon surgically competent' depends on an assessment of record of in-training assessment (RITA) followed by written and oral test (3). However, this is not foolproof as many excel in the test but are technically deficient. It highlights the need for an alternative method of instruction and improving surgical skills and assessment methods (8). A theorist learner will adapt and integrate skill programmes teaching into logical theories. They will benefit extensively from the skill teaching programme. They will analyze patient's problems in a logical way. Even if they fail in initial skill assessment, they will not rest until they hone their skills. They value rationality and logic. They will assimilate each element of skill teaching programs and frequently question themselves like how does this step fit into my surgical practice?','what are the basic assumptions of the process?'. They always seek logical ways to solve problems and their effort is on maximizing certainty. Groat and Musson framework of learning style will be beneficial for such persons, and they will prefer challenging explanation of operation to debate the plan of action (5). They will benefits from skill programme as they will try to learn better from training and facts. Reference Caulley L, Wadey V, Freeman R. Learning styles of first-year orthopedic surgical residents at 1 accredited institution. Journal of surgical education. 2012 Apr 30;69(2):196-200.Dougherty P, Kasten SJ, Reynolds RK, Prince ME, Lypson ML. Intraoperative assessment of residents. Journal of graduate medical education. 2013 Jun;5(2):333-4.Ghaderi I, Manji F, Park YS, Juul D, Ott M, Harris I, Farrell TM. Technical skills assessment toolbox: a review using the unitary framework of validity. Annals of surgery. 2015 Feb 1;261(2):251-62.Hull L, Arora S, Symons NR, Jalil R, Darzi A, Vincent C, Sevdalis N. Training faculty in nontechnical skill assessment: national guidelines on program requirements. Annals of surgery. 2013 Aug 1;258(2):370-5.Luckin R, du Boulay B. of Supporting Model Building in Learning Science. The Role of Communication in Learning To Model. 2014 May 12;1:99.Mitchell EL, Arora S, Moneta GL, Kret MR, Dargon PT, Landry GJ, Eidt JF, Sevdalis N. A systematic review of assessment o f skill acquisition and operative competency in vascular surgical training. Journal of vascular surgery. 2014 May 31;59(5):1440-55.Noland SS, Fischer LH, Lee GK, Hentz VR. Essential hand surgery procedures for mastery by graduating orthopedic surgery residents: a survey of program directors. The Journal of hand surgery. 2013 Apr 30;38(4):760-5.Putnam MD, Kinnucan E, Adams JE, Van Heest AE, Nuckley DJ, Shanedling J. On Orthopedic Surgical Skill PredictionThe Limited Value of Traditional Testing. Journal of surgical education. 2015 Jun 30;72(3):458-70.

The Edmund Fitzgerald Essay Research Paper One free essay sample

The Edmund Fitzgerald Essay, Research Paper One of the greatest ships to sail the Great Lakes was the Edmund Fitzgerald. The Edmund Fitzgerald had sailed for many old ages until it sank in 1975. The Edmund Fitzgerald was built in 1958 ; it was 729 pess long and weighed 13,632 dozenss ( Stonehouse 13 ) . This was the largest ship to sail the Great Lakes until 1971 ( Stonehouse 13 ) . The Edmund Fitzgerald had a sister ship called the Arthur B. Homer, which was the 2nd biggest ship on the great lakes ( Stonehouse 13 ) . The Edmund Fitzgerald had a 7,000 HP steam turbine engine that could force the ship at around 16 stat mis an hr ( Stonehouse 13 ) . Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company of Milwaukee owned the ship. Aboard the ship there were 29 crew members, the captain, 3 licensed deck officers, a main applied scientist, 4 licensed technology officers, and 20 unaccredited forces ( U.S. Marine Reports ) . The ships captain was Ernest Mcsorley who was a maestro of the Great Lakes and had 44 old ages sailing them ( Stonehouse 25 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on The Edmund Fitzgerald Essay Research Paper One or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The ship had sailed the great lakes for many old ages until that twenty-four hours in 1975 when it was neer seen once more. The Edmund Fitzgerald had left a port in Superior, Wis. At around 2:15 autopsy on November 09, 1975 ( Stonehouse 24 ) . The ship was to the full fueled and loaded for its trip to Detroit Michigan. The boat had traveled approximately two hours across lake higher-up when it became in sight of another boat, the Arthur M. Anderson. Around 7:00 Pm the Edmund Fitzgerald started to come across bad conditions conditions and had to alter its class. The Fitzgerald and the Anderson both changed class and started heading to the lakes more northern Waterss, which was called the autumn north path ( Stonehouse 25 ) . The two ships had traveled along the same class for many hours and the storm was still really strong. The two ships were combating moving ridges of 10-12 pess, air currents of up to fifty knots, and even snow ( Stonehouse 26 ) . The Anderson was about 16 stat mis off from the Fitzgerald when the watcher lost sight of it due to heavy snow ( Stonehouse 27 ) . That was the last clip anyone had of all time seen the Edmund Fitzgerald afloat. The two ships had traveled along, now merely with radio detection and ranging and wireless contact. The storm started to decline. Now with air currents at 43 knots and moving ridges of 12 to 16 pess, the ship was taking on H2O ( Stonehouse 27 ) . The Fitzgerald had radioed to the Anderson that they had a rail down and some blowholes were damaged ( Stonehouse 27 ) . Minutess after the wireless contact between the Anderson and the Fitzgerald, the Anderson had received an exigency broadcast from the seashore guard saying T hat all ships were to happen safe anchorage ( Stonehouse 28 ) . At this clip the Soo locks and the Mackinaw Bridge were closed down due to air currents of up to 96 stat mis per hr ( Stonehouse 28 ) . The Fitzgerald had lost both of its radio detection and rangings and had to keep wireless contact with the Anderson ( Stonehouse 28 ) . During this contact the first mate of the Anderson asked the Fitzgerald: Buckeye state by the manner, how are you doing out with your job? the answer from the Fitzgerald was We are keeping our ain ( Stonehouse 29 ) . Those words were the last words of all time heard from the Fitzgerald, which shortly disappeared off radio detection and ranging ( Stonehouse 30 ) . At 9:25 autopsy the call was made from the seashore guard to get down a hunt for the losing Fitzgerald ( Stonehouse 32 ) . The hunt for the Fitzgerald went on for 5 yearss. They had many ships and aircraft from all around the part including Canada. On the 2nd twenty-four hours of the hunt they had found two of the lifeboats from the Fitzgerald really nigh to the Anderson, which was off from Coppermine Point ( Stonehouse 43 ) . On the 5th twenty-four hours they eventually discovered a hint of the whereabouts of the losing ship. The find was made by a Navy aircraft, which was equipped with a magnetic sensing device ( Stonehouse 42 ) . The first frogman hunt was conducted from November 14 through the 16, but there was no fortune on positively placing the wreckage ( Stonehouse 43 ) . A 2nd effort to place the wreckage was conducted from November 22 through the 25, and successfully identified it as the Edmund Fitzgerald ( Stonehouse 43 ) . The Edmund Fitzgerald is located 17 stat mis north-west of Whitefish point and is in approximately 530 pess of H2O ( Stonehouse 44 ) . The ship lies in two pieces, a bow subdivision and a austere subdivision ( Stonehouse 44 ) . Out of the 29 riders aboard there are no known subsisters to this twenty-four hours. The cause of the sinking of the ship is still ill-defined, but they believe it is from monolithic implosion therapy of the tunnel, ballast armored combat vehicle, and chiefly the lading clasp due to the prostration of hatch screens ( U.S. Marine Reports ) . At the clip of the ships droping moving ridges were recorded of up to 25 pess which exceeded the ships zero freeboard which means the hatch covers can non manage the force per unit area of the H2O ( U.S. Marine Reports ) . It was besides believed that there might hold even been a foundation ( U.S. Marine Reports ) . The sinking of the Edmund Fitzgerald has been an of import portion of Michigan s history. There is a vocal written by Gordon Lightfoot about the sinking of the ship, Which is called the Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald. There is besides a drama written by Shelley Russell named Holdin our ain: the Wreck of Edmund Fitzgerald.

The Main Engineering Branches

The Main Engineering Branches Engineers apply scientific principles to design or develop structures, equipment, or processes. Engineering encompasses several disciplines. Traditionally, the main branches of engineering are chemical engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, and mechanical engineering, but there are many other areas of specialization. Key Takeaways: Branches of Engineering Engineering is a huge discipline. In general, an engineer applies scientific knowledge to solve practical problems and design equipment and processes.Engineering students typically study one of the main branches of engineering: chemical, electrical, civil, and mechanical.Many more disciplines are available, with more described over time. Examples include aerospace engineering and computer engineering. Here is a summary of the main branches of engineering: Acoustical Engineering Engineering concerned with the analysis and control of vibration, particularly sound vibrations. Aerospace Engineering Aerospace engineering deals with aeronautics and astronautic engineering, including the design and analysis of aircraft, satellites,  and spacecraft. Agricultural Engineering This branch of engineering deals with farm machinery and structures, natural resources, bioenergy and farm power systems. Sub-disciplines include food engineering, aquaculture, and bioprocess engineering. Automotive Engineering Automotive engineers are involved in the design, manufacture, and performance of cars and trucks. Biological Engineering Biological engineering is applied biology and medicine. It includes biomedical engineering, biochemical engineering, protein engineering, genetic engineering, and tissue engineering. Biomedical Engineering Biomedical engineering is an interdisciplinary specialty that applies engineering principles to medical and biological problems and systems. This discipline commonly deals with medical therapies, monitoring devices, and diagnostic tools. Chemical Engineering Chemical engineering (CE) applies chemistry to develop new materials and processes to convert materials into useful products. Civil Engineering Civil engineering (CE) is one of the oldest forms of engineering. Civil engineering pertains to the discipline pertaining to the design, construction, analysis, and maintenance of structures, both natural and man-made, including bridge, roads, dams, and buildings. Sub-disciplines of civil engineering may include construction engineering, materials engineering, control engineering, structural engineering, urban engineering, municipal engineering, biomechanics, and surveying. Computer Engineering Computer engineering integrates computer science with electrical engineering to develop and analyze circuits, microprocessors, and computers. Computer engineers tend to focus more on hardware while software engineers traditionally focus on programming and software design. Electrical Engineering Electrical engineering (EE) involves the study and application of electricity and electronics. Some consider computer engineering and software engineering to be subdisciplines of electrical engineering. Electronic engineering, optical engineering, power engineering, control engineering, and telecommunications engineering are EE specialities. Energy Engineering Energy engineering is a multidisciplinary engineering field that integrates aspects of mechanical, chemical, and electrical engineering to address alternative energy, energy efficiency, plant engineering, environmental compliance, and related technologies. Engineering Management Engineering management combines engineering and management principles to develop and assess business practices. These engineers help plan and administrate businesses from their inception through operation. They are involved in product development, design engineering, construction, manufacturing, and marketing. Environmental Engineering Environmental engineering works to prevent or remediate pollution or to maintain or improve the natural environment. This includes water, land, and air resources. Related disciplines are industrial hygiene and environmental engineering law. Industrial Engineering Industrial engineering pertains to the design and study of logistics and industrial resources. Types of industrial engineering include safety engineering, construction engineering, manufacturing engineering, textile engineering, reliability engineering, component engineering, and systems engineering. Manufacturing Engineering Manufacturing engineering designs, studies and develops machines, tool, manufacturing processes, and equipment. Mechanical Engineering Mechanical engineering (ME) may be considered the mother of all engineering branches. Mechanical engineering applies physical principles and materials science to the design, manufacture, and analysis of mechanical systems. Mechatronics Mechatronics combines mechanical engineering and electrical engineering, frequently in the analysis of automated systems. Robotics, avionics, and instrumentation engineering may be considered types of mechatronics. Nanoengineering Nanoengineering is the application of engineering on the vastly miniaturized or nanoscopic scale. Nuclear Engineering Nuclear engineering is the practical application of nuclear processes, such as those used to produce and harness nuclear power. Petroleum Engineering Petroleum engineers apply scientific principles to detect, drill and extract crude oil and natural gas. Types of petroleum engineering includes drilling engineering, reservoir engineering, and production engineering. Structural Engineering Structural engineering pertains to the design and analysis of load-bearing structures and supports. In many cases, this is a subdiscipline of civil engineering, but structural engineering also applies to other structures, such as vehicles and machinery. Vehicle Engineering Engineering pertaining to design, manufacture, and operation of vehicles and their components. Branches of vehicle engineering include naval architecture, automotive engineering, and aerospace engineering. There are many more engineering branches, with more being developed all the time as new technologies develop. Many undergraduates start out seeking degrees in mechanical, chemical, civil, or electrical engineering and develop specializations through internships, employment, and advanced education.

Finite Element Method in Computer Simulation Outline

Finite Element Method in Computer Simulation - Outline Example In this scenario, some of the industrial uses and applications of FEA can comprise effect or crash analysis of automobiles, structural analysis of bridges and buildings, electromagnetic analysis of AC and DC motors, aerodynamic analysis of airplanes and airfoils, injection molding simulation of plastic components, fluid flow investigation in channels and pipes and heat transfer through housing and commercial places and buildings. In addition, FEA uses certain physical principles that guide it regarding the actions of these physical systems. In view of the fact that biological systems also comply with the similar basic physical principles, hence the FEA can also be used to forecast the physical reaction of biological systems to recognized loading circumstances (Roylance, 2001; BIO-Mesh, 2012). The first principle is known as preprocessing which allows the user to build a framework of the component of a physical system that has to be tested. Additionally, at this step, the geometry is classified into several separate subparts, which are linked with each other at isolated places acknowledged as nodes. In addition, these frameworks are believed to be very time-consuming to put in order, as well as viable codes oppose one another to get the most easy to use graphical preprocessor to support in this somewhat tiresome task. In some cases, these preprocessors can spread over the surface a mesh on a preexisting CAD, with the intention that element analysis can be completed handily as an element of the automated drafting and design process. In this scenario, the process that is followed by the FEA modeler in order to communicate this information to the FEA software is known as "boundary conditions." In addition, boundary conditions notify the FEA software how loading would be chal lenged by rotations of definite nodes and restricted displacements (Roylance, 2001; BIO-Mesh, 2012; Starns, 2010). This

Research Paper Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research Paper Proposal - Essay Example With regards to the proposed research study, the researcher aims to provide a clear introduction. As part of the main body, the researcher will discuss the following: (1) importance of dental development when it comes to determining the age of the victim; (2) ways in which archeologists could determine the sex of the victim through by studying either the human dental remains and skeletal remains of the victim; (3) the use of human dental remains when it comes to determining the past occupations of the victim; and (4) ways in which human dental remains could reflect the victim’s past medical condition and treatments prior to his/her death. Prior to the conclusion, the researcher will seek to discuss how human dental remains could reflect the victim’s lifestyle and/or habits. 1. To save the researcher’s time and effort, the researcher will first list down the schools that offer courses related to the study of bioarcheology, dentistry, forensic science, criminal justice, and crime scene investigation. (Guide to Online Schools, 2008) The researcher plans to complete the research study within a short span of one week. The researcher will list down the nearby schools that offer online courses related to bioarcheology, dentistry, forensic science, criminal justice, crime scene investigation followed by gathering related peer-reviewed journal within the first two to three days. Right after the gathering related peer-reviewed journals, the researcher will spend another two days going through the journals and highlight important parts of the study. As soon as the researcher is done highlighting important findings in each journal, the researcher will start conceptualizing followed by officially writing down the flow of the research study. (See Appendix I – Gannt Chart Showing the Proposed Research Schedule on page 4) The proposed research

Jamaica Travel Guide and Travel Information Essay

Jamaica Travel Guide and Travel Information - Essay Example The Jamaicans are very hospitable and friendly. Jamaica’s main cities are Kingston, its capital, Ocho Rios, Montego Bay, Negril and Port Antonio (Mapsofworld, par.2). Getting around Jamaica is not a problem. There are several means of transportation for tourists such as riding a bike, scooter, bus, taxi or renting a car. Ferries and boats are available to take one to the various islands around Jamaica. For tourists interested in historical sites and botanical gardens, Kingston is the place to visit. Its major attraction is the Port Royal which used to be the home of sea pirates and Buccaneers. Other famous attractions of the city are the Castleton gardens, the Rockford Mineral Bath, National Art Gallery, and the Bob Marley museum which archives the life and times of the famous reggae legend (Mapsofworld, par.3). Historical sites though are not the unique selling point of Jamaica. Its beaches are its main attractions. If one wants to have a taste of the sun and sand of the island, there is a myriad of choices. In the Kingston area, there is the Lime Cay which is a small island off the coast of Port Royal, which is best for sunbathing and water sports. The Turtle Beach and the Mallard Beach are two of the more popular beaches in the city of Ocho Rios. Accommodations are not hard to find in that there are an array of hotels along the beach where one can choose to stay. And if one is an avid fan of James Bond movies, then one should not miss going to the James Bond Beach which is where the GoldenEye Hotel is located (IIWINC, par.3). The hotel is the former residence of Ian Fleming, the James Bond writer. Another amazing beach is the Dunn’s River Beach which is located under the famous Dunn’s River Waterfalls.  Ã‚  

What Do The Media Do To People Media Essay

What Do The Media Do To People Media Essay In 1959, E.Katz, a psychologist by profession was trying to grapple with the question what do the media do to people? which other researchers were attempting to answer. According to Katz, what people did with the media was more important and worthy of research. He assumed that mass media audiences are active participants in the interaction and therefore it was important for the research to focus on motivations for selecting a medium and the expected gratification from it. This led to the development of uses and gratifications theory. Uses and gratifications theory attempts to explain the uses and functions of the media for individuals, groups, and society in general. There are three objectives in developing uses and gratifications theory: 1) to explain how individuals use mass communication to gratify their needs. What do people do with the media. 2) to discover underlying motives for individuals media use. 3) to identify the positive and the negative consequences of individual media use. At the core of uses and gratifications theory lies the assumption that audience members actively seek out the mass media to satisfy individual needs. It is an audience-centred approach. When an audience actively seeks out media, they are typically seeking it in order to gratify a need. For example, in social situations, people may feel more confident and knowledgeable when they have specific facts and stories from media to add to conversation. By seeking out media, a person fulfils a need to be informed. Social situations and ps ychological characteristics motivate the need for media, which motivates certain expectations of that media. This expectation leads one to be exposed to media that would seemingly fit expectations, leading to an ultimate gratification. There are three main paradigms in media effects: hypodermic needle (i.e., direct, or strong effects), limited effects, and the powerful to limited effects. Uses and Gratifications falls under the second paradigm. The hypodermic needle model claims that consumers are strongly affected by media and have no say in how the media influences them. The main idea of the Uses and Gratifications model is that people are not helpless victims of all-powerful media, but use media to fulfil their various needs. These needs serve as motivations for using media. The media dependency theory has also been explored as an extension to the uses and gratifications approach to media, though there is a subtle difference between the two theories. Dependency on media assumes audience goals to be the origin of the dependency while the uses and gratifications approach focuses more on audience needs, however both theories agree that media use can lead to media dependency. The media dependency theory states that the more dependent an individual is on the media to fulfill needs, the more significant the media becomes to that person. DeFleur and Ball-Rokeach (1976) illustrate dependency as the relationship between media content, the nature of society, and the behaviour of audiences. Littlejohn (2002) also explained that people will become more dependent on media that meet a number of their needs than on media that touch only a few needs. Dependency on a certain medium is influenced by the number of sources open to an individual. Individuals are usually more dependent on available media if their access to media alternatives is limited. The more alternatives there are for an individual, the less is the dependency on, and influence of, a specific medium. Kazt supported the idea of studies which sought to find out what people do with the media. He cited a 1949 Berelson study conducted by interviewing people during a newspaper strike about what they missed in the newspaper. Many read because they felt it was the socially acceptable thing to do, and some felt that the newspaper was indispensable in finding out about world affairs. Many however, sought escape, relaxation, entertainment, and social prestige. These people recognized that awareness of public affairs was value in conversations. Some wanted help in their daily lives by reading material about fashion, recipes, weather forecasts and other useful information Severin and Tankard Jr. (1992:270). Davidson in Severin and Tankard Jr. (1992:269) argues that the communicators audience is not a passive recipient; it cannot be regarded as a lump of clay to be moulded by the master propagandist. Rather the audience is made up of individuals who demand something from communications to whic h they are exposed, and who select those that are likely to be useful to them. In other words, they must get something from the manipulator if he is to get something from them. A bargain is involved. The uses and gratifications approach involves a shift of focus from the purposes of the communicator to the purposes of the receiver. To a large extent, the user of the mass communication medium is in control. Uses and gratifications approach reminds us that people use the media for various purposes. Studies have shown that bored audiences use the media for exiting content while stressed subjects would use relaxing content, supporting the idea that audiences choose media content to provide gratifications they are seeking. Elliot and Rosenberg concluded that much of mass media use might be merely a matter of habit. They carried a study in which people indicated that they watched some soap operators out of habit which they enjoyed doing. Jay G. Blumler and Elihu Katz devised their uses and gratifications model in 1974 to highlight five areas of gratification in media texts for audiences. These include: Escape some media texts allow the user to escape from reality. For example, video games. Social interaction People create personal relationships with the characters in a media text. Potentially this could become dangerous if people do not question the reality of such texts. It also creates a common ground for conversation in peoples everyday lives. Identify People often identify a part of themselves in a media text, either through character or circumstance. For example, hair style trends stemming from a magazine feature. This can go a long way in peoples ideologies. Inform and educate the audience gain an understanding of the world around them by consuming a media text, for example print and broadcast news. Entertain consumed purely for entertainment purposes, meaning that text need not have any other gratifications. The Uses and Gratifications Model of the Media The mass media is a huge phenomenon. Through the various different platforms, print or broadcast, the media is able to reach millions of people like no other force. Without the media, powerful speeches by politicians would affect no one, local events would remain local, and performances by great actors would be seen only by the people in the immediate audience. The media overcomes distances, and builds a direct relationship with the audience. Many sociologists have attempted to explore what effects this has on society, and how the media fits in to our social network. Through many programmes of research, including focus groups, surveys, questionnaires, clinical studies and plain hypothesising, a number of models describing the medias relationship with audiences have been drawn up. Initially, researchers approached the subject from the angle of how the media is able to manipulate audiences, injecting messages into their minds. This hypodermic model, as discussed in the earlier part was rejected after closer examination. The Uses and Gratifications model represented a change in thinking, as researchers began to describe the effects of the media from the point of view of audiences. The model looks at the motives of the people who use the media, asking why we watch the television programmes that we do, why we bother to read newspapers, why we find ourselves so compelled to keep up to date with our favourite soap. The underlying idea behind the model is that people are motivated by a desire to fulfil, or gratify certain needs. So rather that asking how the media uses us, the model asks how we use the media. The model is broken down into four different needs. Surveillance: The surveillance need is based around the idea that people feel better having the feeling that they know what is going on in the world around them. One of the genres this is often applied to is news. By watching or reading about news we learn about what is happening in the world, and as the news is usually bad news, this knowledge leaves us feeling more secure about the safety of our own lives. This idea might seem a bit strange, that the more we know about tragedies the safer we feel, but sociologists argue that ignorance is seen as a source of danger, and so the more knowledge we have the safer we feel. When looking at the news its easy to spot news items that give us this reaction. For example if it wasnt for watching the news we might be unknowingly become vulnerable to the latest computer virus or end up in a hospital with an epidemic like swine flu. Its not just news that fulfils the surveillance model however; the theory can also be seen in many consumer and crim e-appeal programmes. These appeal directly through the idea that they are imparting information that people need to know. The programmes talk far more directly to the viewer, and even try to get the viewer involved in the programme. Because these programmes deal purely with national and local concerns, without such vagaries as world news, the issues apparently have the potential to affect the viewer directly. This explains why certain channels like Aaj Tak and IndiaTV show programmes which have wide viewership in rural areas. Some of the contents of these channels would never be appreciated by the urban audience. The surveillance model then is all about awareness. We use the mass media to be more aware of the world, gratifying a desire for knowledge and security. Personal Identity: The personal identity need explains how being a subject of the media allows us to reaffirm the identity and positioning of ourselves within society. This can most be seen in soaps, which try to act as a microcosm of society as a whole. The characters in soaps are usually designed to have wildly different characteristics, so that everyone can find someone to represent themselves, someone to aspire to, and someone to despise. For example someone might feel close to a character who is always falling victim to other people, and this connection might help him/her to understand and express his/her feelings. Someone may also really like a character who seems cool and leads a aspirational lifestyle everyone would desire to lead. This relationship could act as a way to channel your ones life, helping to set goals to work to. Finally there may be a character one really cant stand. By picking out their bad characteristics and decisions, it helps audiences to define their own personal identity by differentiation. The use of the media for forming personal identity can also be seen outside soaps. Sports personalities and pop stars can often become big role models, inspiring young children everywhere (which is why theres such an outcry when one of them does something wrong). Even the seriousness of news can lend itself to gratifying personal identity, by treating news anchors as personalities, rather than simply figureheads relaying information. Personal Relationships: Audiences can form a relationship with the media, and also use the media to form a relationship with others. Relationships with the Media : Many people use the television as a form of companionship. The television is often quite an intimate experience, and by watching the same people on a regular basis we can often feel very close to them, as if we even know them. When presenters or characters in a soap die, those who have watched that person a lot often grieve for the character, as if they have lost a friend. Some events can even cause media outcries, such as the recent reality shows where the events within the show became main stories on the TV/News channels. The more we watch the same personalities, the more we feel we get to know them. Reality TV shows such as Big Brother and its adapted versions in India give us such a feeling of intimacy with the participants that they can become part of our lives. Even though the relationship is completely one-sided, its easy to see how we can fall in love with TV personalities. Using the Media within Relationships: Another aspect to the personal relationships model is how we can sometimes use the media as a springboard to form and build upon relationships with real people. Having a favourite TV programme in common can often be the start of a conversation, and can even make talking to strangers that much easier. Some families use sitting around watching the television as a stimulus for conversation, talking to each other about the programme or related anecdotes while it is on. Diversion: The diversion need describes whats commonly termed as escapism watching the television so we can forget about our own lives and problems for a while and think about something else. This can work with positive programmes, such as holiday shows or the constant happy endings which help to cheer us up and forget our own problems, and with negative programmes, such as a tragic film, which help to put our own problems into perspective. The diversion model also accounts for using the media for entertainment purposes, such as a good spy film, and for relaxation. The media can give us emotional release and also sexual arousal, which includes a sexy scene in a film as well as pornography. Altogether, the Uses and Gratifications model outlines the many reasons we have for using the mass media, and the kind of functions that the media can play within our lives. New media and current scenario The shift of media and media industry over the past few years into new forms, such as DVD/ Blue ray and the internet based social networking sites, changes the modalities available for audiences to consume and receive media. The change has caused some media theorists to call into question the influence that the media has over attitudes and beliefs. Urbanization, industrialization and modernization create social conditions in which the mass media is developing and reshaping. Mass media plays a crucial role in forming and reflecting public opinion: media connects the world to individuals and reproduce the self-image of society. Contemporary global media scenario presents a more complex interaction between the media and society, with the media generating information from a network of relations and influences. The individual interpretations and evaluations of the information provided sometimes lead to consequences and ramifications of the mass media which may relate not merely to the way newsworthy events are perceived (and which are reported at all), but also to a multitude of cultural influences that operate through the media. The media has a strong social and cultural impact upon society. This is predicated upon its ability to reach a wide audience which often sends a strong and influential message. It is through the persuasiveness of media such as television, radio and print media that reach the target audience. These have been influential media as they have been largely responsible in structuring the daily lives and routines of millions across the globe. Television broadcasting has a large amount of control in influencing the content that society watches and the times in which they are viewed. This is a distinguishing feature of traditional media and although they are by no means redundant, the development of the internet has challenged the traditional participation habits involved in media such as television. The internet has lifted some of the restrictions placed on society by allowing for diversification of political opinions, social and cultural differences and heightened level of consumer participa tion. There have been suggestions that allowing consumers to produce information through the internet will lead to a bombardment of too much information. It can however allow society a medium for expressing opinions and moving away from the political restrictions placed on society. The uses and gratifications theory of Blumler and Katz (1974) and other group studies in social psychology provide such major motivations for individuals to join virtual communities on social networking sites like facebook, orkut, twitter etc, as the need for social integration (belong and be affiliated), the need for help in achieving goals (e.g. by obtaining information), the need for realizing economic exchanges, the need for status enhancement (by impressing and manipulating others), and the need for entertainment. Some of the other ways in which uses and gratification becomes relevant in the Indian/Global media scenario are:- Media can also influence the way people converse due to embedding their minds with particular thoughts and feelings via their various media outlets. Certain movies have quotes that can be engrained into the minds of the audience. However, these quotes can be either appropriate or inappropriate. When someone hears something in the media and it is reinforced through the various media channels i.e. TV, radio, newspapers etc, general members of the public become more susceptible as taking the news as the whole truth, and this can then be accepted as the norm within society. Many famous trials about celebrities have ended in such bad publicity and negative depictions of the people involved that their reputation gets damaged forever, irrespective of the outcome of the trial. The general public already forms their opinion even before the trials are conducted. In the United States the election of many politicians has been enormously influenced by media. Most notably John F. Kennedys victory in the presidential race of 1960 against Richard Nixon has been described by many as the result of his more handsome and good looking appearance on television, especially when compared with Nixon. Also Ronald Reagan and Arnold Schwarzenegger whose fame as actors helped them to gain more media attention and eventually the victory in their elections as president or governor. Similarly Barrack Obama used all the forms of media to build a public opinion in his favour and exploited the latest available social networking platforms to maximize the multiplier effect. The results of the last general elections in India and the victory of Congress party can be linked to a similar media strategy. Criticisms of uses and gratification theory Many people have criticized this theory as they believe the public has no control over the media and what it produces. It can also be said to be too kind to the media, as they are being let off the hook and do not need to take responsibility for what they produce. It is not always safe to assume that people choose the media based on their needs. There are other factors which restrict choices of the audiences, virtually leaving them with a very few or no alternatives. Some of the other criticisms of the theory as found in the literature have been quoted below:- The nature of the theory underlying Uses and Gratifications research is not totally clear, (Blumler, 1979) Practitioners of Uses and Gratifications research have been criticized for a formidable array of shortcomings in their outlook they are taxed for being crassly atheoretical, perversely eclectic, ensnared in the pitfalls of functionalism and for flirting with the positions at odds with their functionalist origins, (Blumler, 1979). The biggest issue for the Uses and Gratifications Theory is its being non-theoretical, being vague in key concepts, and being nothing more than a data-collecting strategy (Littlejohn, 2002; Severin and Tankard, 1997; McQuail 1994). It seems that using this theory has little to no link to the benefit of psychology due to its weakness in operational definitions and weak analytical mode. Also, it is focused too narrowly on the individual and neglects the social structure and place of the media in that structure (Severin and Tankard, 1997). Due to the individualistic nature of Uses and Gratification theory, it is difficult to take the information that is collected in studies. Most research relies on pure recollection of memory rather than data (Katz, 1987). This makes self-reports complicated and immeasurable. uses and gratifications research portrays media consumption as primarily rational and individualistic, whereby individuals control consumption according to conscious goals. This assumes (contrary to Attribution Theory) that respondents are aware of every factor entering into their media choices and do not misjudge the causes of their behaviour. Little attention is therefore accorded to the ways in which media may be consumed mindlessly or ritualistically (Littlejohn, 1989, p. 276). Critics argue that needs for attending to certain media are formed and informed by culture as well as by certain psychological predispositions particular to individual consumers of media products. According to Littlejohn (1989), critici sm of this approach may be divided into three major strands: (a) lack of coherence and theory in the tradition; (b) social and political objections; and (c) the instrumental (versus ritualistic) philosophical bias of uses and gratifications (p. 276). This theory has also been blasted by media hegemony advocates who say it goes too far in claiming that people are free to choose the media fare and the interpretations they want (Severin and Tankard, 1997). Other motives that may drive people to consume media may involve low level attention, a habit or a mildly pleasant stimulation. Uniform effects are not the kind of factor the Uses and Gratifications approach would predict (Severin and Tankard, 1997).